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Functionally gradient materials
Release time:2021-11-08 13:30:08
Functionally graded materials (FGM) is a new type of composite material composed of two or more materials with continuous gradient changes in composition and structure. It is a new type of functional material developed to meet the needs of modern aerospace industry and other high-tech fields and to meet the requirements of normal operation in the limit environment. Its design requires that the function and performance change with the change of the internal position of the component, and can be satisfied by optimizing the overall performance of the component.
Composition structure
From the perspective of material structure, functionally gradient materials are different from homogeneous materials and composite materials. It is to select two (or more) materials with different properties. By continuously changing the composition and structure of these two (or more) materials, making the interface disappear, the properties of the materials change slowly with the change of the composition and structure of the materials, forming gradient functional materials.
As for the characteristics of FGM, it can be seen from the combination of materials. FGM can be divided into metal / alloy, metal / non-metal, non-metal / ceramic, metal / ceramic, ceramic / ceramic and other combinations. Therefore, a variety of materials with special functions can be obtained. This is a major feature of FGM. FGM can also be divided into (1) gradient functional coating type, i.e. forming gradient coating on the base material. (2) the gradient function connection type, that is, the composition of the joint between the two matrixes changes in gradient. (3) gradient functional integrity is a kind of structural material whose composition changes gradiently from one side to the other. Therefore, it can be said that FGM has great application potential, which is another major feature of FGM.
Prospects for development
FGM research consists of three parts: material design, material synthesis and material performance evaluation. Material synthesis is the core of FGM research, material design is to provide the best composition and structure gradient distribution for FGM synthesis, material performance evaluation is to establish a set of standardized test methods to accurately evaluate FGM performance, test FGM according to this standard and feed the test results back to the material design department in time. The three are closely related and complement each other. At present, inverse design system is mostly used in material design. First of all, according to the requirements and use conditions of material properties, then consult the knowledge base of material composition and structure, according to the basic theory of design, design the gradient distribution of material composition and structure. At present, the application of some new technologies and methods adds infinite vitality to the research of FGM. For example, the computer-aided design expert system is used to simulate FGM, which has been described in detail in the literature. In addition, FGM is studied by using neural network, finite element method and fractal theory. For example, according to the pro version of anqlisis image analysis system of SIS company in Germany, the fractal dimensions of horizontal and vertical surfaces of ZrO2 / Ni functionally gradient materials are measured, and the relationship between the fractal dimensions and the macroscopic properties is preliminarily established. According to the fractal theory, we can use the microstructure of the material to characterize the macro performance of the material, that is, the fractal dimension quantitatively characterizes the micro morphology of the FGM surface and its relationship with the performance. With the development of software technology, this method will become more accurate and simple. By directly observing the fractal characteristics of the test surface and inferring its mechanical properties from the surface morphology, we can save the tedious performance test, improve the efficiency and reduce the cost. Of course, using fractal theory to study the performance of FGM still needs the improvement of the accumulation and analysis method of FGM performance data.